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2018年十大科学谣言榜：酸性体质是百病之源_我的网站

A | 2008年1月11日，北京科学中心公布了十大科技信息求真名单。其中，“酸性体质是百病之源”在2018年十大“科学”谣言中排名第一。    The electric vehicle ecosystem in India is still at a very nascent stage, but the number of electric vehicles on Indian roads is on the rise every day.,Despite the growth, there are a lot of challenges that need to be addressed with regard to the EV infrastructure.,Road safety is one of the major concerns, as the country ranks first in terms of number of road accident deaths in the world. Last year, the World Economic Forum (WEF) launched the Road Safety 2.0 program in India with an aim to introduce technology which would promote the 4Es of road safety i.e. Education, Engineering, Enforcement and Emergency care.,In an interview with Sputnik, Akhilesh Srivastava, Project Head of the World Economic Forum’s Road Safety 2.0 program and Member of the NHEV Knowledge group, talked about measures to be taken to ensure road safety in India and discussed the challenges presented by the battery swapping policy in India.,Sputnik: According to government data, India ranks first in the number of road accident deaths in the world. As you lead the World Economic Forum’s initiative Road Safety 2.0 in India, what measures are required to reduce such fatalities?,Akhilesh Srivastava: With 11 percent of global road fatalities, India ranks worst in terms of the sheer number of road accident deaths in the world. The impact of road accidents on Indian GDP is nearly INR 2.5 trillion ($31.7 billion) i.e., over 1.85 percent of the GDP.,It is clear that old or conventional methods of road safety are not working and there is an urgent need for a new solution. The WEF-led Road Safety 2.0 is one such next-gen solution, where the power of technology is leveraged to save lives on roads.,A few of the measures have been enumerated in it are: the use of technology is the best way to quickly and effectively reduce accidents; сontinuous tracking driving behavior using IoT to generate Safe Driving Scores. The SDS can be used as a monitoring mechanism for incentivizing good driving behavior and reskilling the bad drivers; use of Safety measures like seat belt and helmet with sensors attached; use of AI with the integration of Traffic Lights; implementation of ITS-based penalty set up to penalize people; scaling awareness about the regulations among the people;,Sputnik: WEF’s Road Safety 2.0 talks about an approach to create a human-centric road ecosystem. Could you elaborate what sort of road ecosystem it aims to create?,Akhilesh Srivastava: Human-centric design is a method of product creation that places the requirements, desires, and abilities of users at the forefront of the process. Rather than expecting users to change and conform their behaviors to the product, it involves making design decisions based on how people can, need, and want to do tasks.,Moving on from existing to a human-centric road ecosystem will help the highway builders, manufacturing industry and the enforcement agencies tackle the needs of the people and then accordingly devise the road safety setup and create a human-centric road ecosystem.,For Example, the presence of air bags in the car is for the drivers and passengers' safety. Why only the front seat should have air bags, people in the back seats are equally vulnerable. As per the human-centric approach, the seat belt should be for all humans in the vehicle. All seats in private vehicles like cars and for all passengers in long-distance public transport buses.,Pedestrians, cyclists and other vulnerable road users should be given due space and weightage while framing the policies. In India, pedestrians, cyclists and two-wheelers constitute the majority but the roads and road rules, are made keeping in mind the bigger vehicles.,Sputnik: FASTags in India were adopted to make travel seamless on National Highways and Expressways. However, despite the complete roll-out we see long queues of vehicles at toll plazas and technical glitches being reported. How can an effective and glitch-free usage of FASTags be adopted?,Akhilesh Srivastava: FASTag has made travel hassle-free on highways and expressways in India. There are no queues. FASTag has made tolling very efficient and transparent. Last year’s toll collection was the highest ever at nearly INR 400 billion (Over $5 million),Apart from this, the FASTag has saved fuel wastage of worth over INR 200 billion ($2.5 million) which happened due to idling of vehicles at toll plazas. It also resulted in saving at least 50 million MT of carbon emission.,Sputnik: Regarding the electric vehicle segment, it is a well-known fact that in India it is at a very nascent stage. What are the major challenges that stakeholders are facing and how can they be tackled?,Akhilesh Srivastava: With 100 percent FDI available, new production centres, and a greater push to improve charging infrastructure, India's electric vehicle industry is gaining traction.,Other growth factors for the Indian EV industry include federal subsidies and policies supporting deeper discounts for Indian-made electric two-wheelers, as well as a boost for localized ACC battery storage manufacture.,Furthermore, in September 2021, the federal government authorized a production-linked incentive program for the automotive sector to stimulate the manufacture of electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. In 2021, India sold over 300,000 electric vehicles.,Some of the challenges that exist but are being tackled by the stakeholders are: inadequate charging infrastructure; reliance on battery imports; reliance on imported components and parts, range anxiety among consumers; current high price of EVs; lack of options for high-performance EVs; inadequate electricity supply in parts of India; lack of quality maintenance and repair options.,Sputnik: You have links with the NHEV (National Highway for Electric Vehicle) programme. What initiatives are being taken under the programme to expand EV infrastructure?,Akhilesh Srivastava: Yes, I appreciate this question which talks about Electric Vehicles and being a member of the Knowledge group of NHEV, I wish similar kind of road safety in India, however, some additional concerns are to be kept in mind are:,• The EV is directly connected to a regular household power outlet. This mode is the simplest possible charging mode and does not support any communication between the EV and the charge point, hence it is prohibited in many countries due to safety concerns.,• The onboard charger converts AC to DC. It uses a special type of charging cable equipped with an in-cable control and protection device. This can be used for private charging, but its public use is subject to restrictions in many countries.,• Batteries are the key element. And we noticed a few cases of fire recently. There should be a proper set of technical and regulatory guidelines for the batteries, about its specifications, unique Id number of batteries, uniformity in the charging system, and even uniformity in batteries so that battery swapping can be done easily.,Tracking of batteries can give alerts about the health of batteries so that unsafe batteries can be removed timely.,Sputnik: Ever since the Finance Minister announced the battery swapping policy, it has been a much talked about topic across the segment. Do you think it can be realized?,Akhilesh Srivastava: I appreciate the announcement by Finance Minister about the battery swapping policy. A detailed policy for battery standardization, specifications, and safety protocols is being prepared.,We should think of the battery as a service for battery swapping. This will allow the setting up of battery stations on a mass level; a battery swapping policy will be brought in and interoperability standards will be formulated.,The private players should be encouraged to develop sustainable and innovative models for the battery as a service which will increase efficiency in the electric vehicle ecosystem. This will reduce the cost of Electric Vehicles and give impetus for electric vehicle growth in the coming years.,Sputnik: Electric vehicles are an alternative to petrol and diesel vehicles, and commonly seen as a way to reduce carbon emissions. However, the source of electricity remains non-renewable, so what roadmap has the NHEV adopted to generate electricity for the electric vehicles through renewable sources?,Akhilesh Srivastava: The transport sector accounts for 18 percent of total energy consumption in India. This translates to an estimated 94 million tons of oil equivalent (MTOE) energy.,If India were to follow the current trends of energy consumption, it would require an estimated 200 MTOE of energy supply annually, by the year 2030 to meet the demand of this sector. As of now, this demand is being met mostly through imported crude oil, which therefore makes this sector vulnerable to volatile international crude oil prices. Moreover, the sector also contributes an estimated 142 million tons of CO2 emissions annually.,Electric mobility presents a viable alternative in addressing these challenges, when packaged with innovative pricing solutions, appropriate technology and support infrastructure and thus, has been on the radar of the Government of India.,The point of renewability of electricity is being addressed too with renewable energies like solar energy, wind energy and other forms other renewable sources of energy. The growth of India in this has been spectacular and the country is ahead of many developed countries in this regard.,Want to know more? Check out our Koo & Telegram accounts!,Koo: https://www.kooapp.com/profile/sputniknews,Sputnik India: https://t.me/sputniknewsindia。据了解，今年发布的10条“科学”谣言是基于腾讯指数数据，由专家评委根据其传播广度和危害性在2018年发布的74条“科学”谣言中进行筛选。它们是人们关心的话题，或者与人们的生活密切相关。以下是2018年十大“科学”谣言列表的详细信息：1.酸性体质是一切疾病的根源：人体体质分为酸和碱，酸性体质可导致各种疾病，包括癌症。如果你不想生病，你必须保持身体碱性。酸性体质的女性倾向于生女孩，而碱性体质的女性倾向于生男孩。吃碱性食物、服用碱性保健品和使用碱性疗法可以改变身体的酸碱度。

B | 事实：“酸碱构成”本身就是一个伪理论。自从这个“理论”诞生十多年来，国内外许多科学家、医生和科普工作者一直强调它是一种骗局。

C | 甚至没有一篇像样的文献或是关于酸碱度的最简单的科学研究。

D | 该理论的创始人于2018年11月2日被圣地亚哥一家法院罚款1.05亿美元，罚款对象是一名癌症患者，该患者当场承认“酸碱成分”是一场恶作剧。咖啡中含有致癌物质，喝咖啡会致癌传言：咖啡中含有致癌化学物质丙烯酰胺，喝咖啡会致癌。事实：丙烯酰胺是在高温下加工食品时产生的，比如油炸、烘焙和烘焙。

E | 温度越高，加热时间越长，丙烯酰胺的生成量越大。根据国际癌症研究机构的分类，丙烯酰胺属于2A类致癌物。

F | 然而，2A类致癌物的含义是，它们在动物实验中具有明确的致癌作用，但人口研究的结果尚未得出结论。以前的研究表明，当人们每天每公斤体重摄入2.6到16微克丙烯酰胺时，他们就有患癌症的危险。

G | 根据这一计算，一个体重55公斤的咖啡爱好者每天的丙烯酰胺耐受量为143微克（55 x 2.6=143）。一杯160毫升的黑咖啡，平均丙烯酰胺含量为0.45微克，每天至少需要318杯黑咖啡（1430.45=318），才有患癌症的风险。因此，一般人每天喝几杯咖啡，远未达到致癌剂量。疫苗可以毫无谣言地进行免疫：疫苗总是“出问题”，而且所有的疫苗都是不可信的。而且疫苗实际上是无效的，如果你不给它接种也没关系。真相：到目前为止，疫苗是对抗传染病最有力的武器。

H | 不接种疫苗的后果是严重的。例如，未接种乙肝疫苗的新生儿可能感染乙肝病毒，而感染乙肝病毒的新生儿约90%会发展为慢性乙肝，如果不进行抗病毒治疗，其中1/4最终会发展为肝硬化和肝癌。

I | 接种疫苗的好处远远大于可能造成的危害。只有接种足够的疫苗，才能形成广泛而有力的防御。洗牙对牙齿有害：洗牙后牙龈收缩更快，牙齿变小变松，牙齿间隙变大。所以不要随意洗牙，也不要把它们洗掉。真相：洗牙不是为了美白牙齿，而是为了去除细菌、结石、色素等。

J | 结石是牙龈萎缩的重要原因。

K | 清洁牙齿后，去除这些结石，牙齿的根部会重新暴露出来，牙齿更敏感，所以喝冷热水会感到酸。至于间隙的扩大和牙齿的松动，就意味着牙齿有问题。牙龈很可能开始萎缩。它不是由洗牙引起的，而是由牙周疾病本身引起的。如果我们不及时取出牙结石，情况只会越来越糟。北斗地图采用北斗卫星导航系统传言：北斗地图应用于2018年5月推出，是自主开发的北斗卫星导航定位系统，可替代美国GPS。真相：北斗地图和北斗卫星导航系统不一样。像golden和google地图一样，北斗地图属于地图软件。

L | 北斗地图的核心是地图。有很多方法可以绘制地图。因此，北斗地图并不一定意味着使用“北斗卫星导航定位系统”的地图。移动地图定位中使用哪一个卫星导航系统主要取决于手机的硬件，哪一个导航定位系统芯片装在手机上可以定位哪一个系统。如果你的手机没有支持北斗系统的硬件，那么下载北斗地图应用程序与北斗系统无关。家用节能灯致癌和剧毒传言：节能灯是一种超级致癌源，诱发多种癌症，其释放的紫外线可导致皮肤癌，并含有剧毒物质汞元素。事实：节能灯实际上是带有镇流器的紧凑型荧光灯。通电后，灯内的汞原子发出不可见的紫外光，照射到灯内壁的荧光涂层上，变成可见白光。这种利用紫外线发光的方法可以将更多的电能转化为光能，从而达到节电的目的。另外，节能灯中的汞确实有毒，但节能灯中的汞只有几毫克，这离死亡测量2.5克还很远。只有当几百盏节能灯同时在很小的空间内被人打破，被人吸入，才能对人造成伤害。现实是零。

M | 科学家们发现了有关人体内最大的新器官的传言：科学家们在人体内发现了一个新的器官——间质。

N | 它是人体最大的器官。真相：2018年3月27日，美国一个研究小组在《科学报告》杂志上发表了一篇题为《新的间隙结构及其在人体组织中的分布》的论文。NBC和CNN新闻采访了受试者的负责人，他说：“起初我们认为间质组织是一个有趣的组织，但当我们仔细考虑它时，间质组织和器官之间有一些相似之处。

o | 我们已经观察到基质的结构，并正在进一步研究其功能。因此，这两个新闻媒体提炼了作者的“感觉”和“想象”，出版了标题为“间隙：科学家发现人体新器官”和“人体最大器官的新发现”的标题，并迅速掀起了全球范围内的“新器官”报道浪潮。一些国内媒体和网站翻译了这些新闻观点，并制作了各种引人注目的头条新闻。宇宙墙划出了宇宙的边界。有传言说，在渤海座有一条跨越35亿光年、距地球100亿光年的真空带，即所谓的宇宙墙，它划定了宇宙的边界……我们甚至可能是一个更高文明培育的试验场。真相：这完全是个错误的消息。它的创建者不知道它是谁。这些词中稍有不同的“报告”也是相互复制的。

p | 这则假新闻引用了《新科学家》杂志的一篇报道。该杂志在其2018年10月17日的新闻稿中提到，科学家们发现了一个巨大的原始超星系团，被称为“赫尔博神”，打破了欧洲南方天文台发布的最早、最大规模的形成和分布图片的记录。事实上，早在20世纪80年代，天文学家就发现了这种由许多星系组成的大尺度结构，天文学家把它昵称为“长城”。它可以被转换成星系或星系的壁。这样的结构并不神秘。它在过去被发现过很多次，并不是一个特别重要的新发现。这一发现的创新主要表现在相似结构比以前发现的更大和更早的形成。英国媒体的大多数报道也强调了这一点，而不是中国的假新闻说这是宇宙边界的墙。北极32摄氏度的高温将导致北极熊灭绝的传言：北极32摄氏度的高温导致冰川迅速融化，北极熊不得不走更远的距离寻找食物。

q | 至少从本世纪初开始，这种距离已经超过了北极熊的身体支持，最终导致北极熊溺水或在无冰环境中挨饿。真相：在这一新闻事件中，最受关注的地点出现在欧亚大陆西北角的挪威西北海岸，包括峡湾地区（北纬60度至66度34，即北极圈地区）和挪威北极地区（北纬66度34至71度，即北纬66度34欧洲大陆的最低点）。该地区受到北大西洋暖流的影响，暖流在同一纬度上比北极更暖。32摄氏度出现并不奇怪。此外，北极圈不同于我们过去认为的“北极区”。它有很多地区，甚至大城市。虽然冰期和北极熊捕猎面积的减少对北极熊的生存有一定的影响。

r | 截至2018年7月，北极熊的数量总体上预计将在2018年“稳定增长”。

s | 所以说北极熊“灭绝”是不准确的。户外能见度低是一个由重污染谣言造成的灾难：在2018年7月底和8月初，北京的大气能见度很低，肯定遇到了重污染。低能见度是由严重污染引起的灾难，两者之间有一个平等的标志。真相：能见度主要受四个因素影响：颗粒浓度、化学成分、相对湿度和太阳辐射。我们常说“空气质量”只代表颗粒物的浓度。夏季“桑拿日”湿度较大，就像浴室里充满了水汽，阳光的散射作用明显增强，导致进入人们眼睛的光线量减少，所以能见度降低，视觉上，这与污染天气造成的高颗粒浓度非常相似，所以很容易被误解为“空气质量严重污染”。

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